Approximation Theory Applied to DEM Vertical Accuracy Assessment     

XiaoHang Liu  Peng Hu  Hai Hu  Jason Sherba 《Transactions in GIS》2012,16(3):397-410

Existing research on DEM vertical accuracy assessment uses mainly statistical methods, in particular variance and RMSE which are both based on the error propagation theory in statistics. This article demonstrates that error propagation theory is not applicable because the critical assumption behind it cannot be satisfied. In fact, the non‐random, non‐normal, and non‐stationary nature of DEM error makes it very challenging to apply statistical methods. This article presents approximation theory as a new methodology and illustrates its application to DEMs created by linear interpolation using contour lines as the source data. Applying approximation theory, a DEM's accuracy is determined by the largest error of any point (not samples) in the entire study area. The error at a point is bounded by max(|δ_node|+M₂h²/8) where |δ_node| is the error in the source data used to interpolate the point, M₂ is the maximum norm of the second‐order derivative which can be interpreted as curvature, and h is the length of the line on which linear interpolation is conducted. The article explains how to compute each term and illustrates how this new methodology based on approximation theory effectively facilitates DEM accuracy assessment and quality control.  相似文献   

GPS时间序列分析     

杨虎  王潇栩  夏波  李金乾 《现代测绘》2012,(4):3-4,18

GPS时间序列可以用于获取各种地球物理现象、地壳运动的季节性变化规律和板块运动的速度,对地球动力学的研究具有相当重要的意义。本文详细阐述了GPS时间序列分析的方法及其过程,对国内IGS站数据的时间序列进行了分析,并运用功率谱分析其残差时间序列,最后获得GPS连续跟踪站时间序列的噪声类型。  相似文献   

2011年夏季南大洋普里兹湾颗粒态生物硅的分布与变化特征          下载免费PDF全文

扈传昱  韩正兵薛斌 张海生 《极地研究》2012,24(3):247-253

利用中国第27次南极科学考察期间获得的颗粒物样品,对南大洋普里兹湾海域水体中颗粒态生物硅的含量及分布特征进行了初步研究,分析了该海域颗粒态生物硅与营养盐、浮游植物以及颗粒有机碳之间的关系,同时结合历史数据对比了颗粒态生物硅的年际变化情况。研究结果显示：在2011年夏季普里兹湾表层水体中颗粒态生物硅含量在0.76-19.72μmol/ dm3之间变化,平均为6.06±4.55μmol/ dm3。在表层水体中的分布趋势是67°S以南的湾内区域颗粒态生物硅含量明显高于67°S以北的湾外区域,最大值出现在普里兹湾陆架区。在垂向分布上,P3断面水体中颗粒态生物硅含量随深度增加而减少。根据不同年份即24,25,26,27次南极科学考察期间获取的数据对比分析显示,颗粒态生物硅含量虽存在一定的年际差异,但是在普里兹湾的分布趋势基本一致。颗粒态生物硅含量的变化特征与硅酸盐相反与叶绿素a、颗粒有机碳相似。  相似文献   

制度演进与城市旧城区更新活动的实证研究——以武汉市汉正街为例     

胡娟  罗静  余斌  吴郁玲 《地域研究与开发》2012,31(4):69-74

改革开放以来我国城市旧城区进行了若干次大规模的旧城更新活动,以武汉市汉正街为实证对象,将其更新活动分为3个阶段展开研究,总结分析各阶段国家权力结构调整、土地有偿制度深化和住房制度改革等社会制度环境的变化特征,探讨了社会制度发展在解决旧城问题上所发挥的作用及存在问题。结果表明:制度环境的变迁使旧城更新成为制度容易缺失的领域;制度目标的更迭使旧城更新渐成为公共领域与私人领域的利益争夺舞台;旧城更新的发展过程本质上是公权力与私权利交织的结果。  相似文献   

重庆市巴南区地热资源开发利用现状及前景分析     

吕玉香  胡伟  周军 《西部资源》2012,(3):57-59

巴南区地热资源丰富,热储总存量为3.105×1015KJ,热流体储存总量为6.855×108m3。经30多年的开发利用,已初步形成了以东温泉、南温泉、桥口坝温泉为核心的温泉旅游开发格局,主要用于温泉房地产开发、风景区、温泉旅游、康乐疗养休闲、商务会展等。为提升开发利用水平,巴南区地热水资源开发要以市场为导向,以效益为目标,突出重点、打造精品、强化特色、完善配套,建设特色温泉产业。  相似文献   

基于小波分析的汾河河津站径流与输沙的多时间尺度特征   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

刘宇峰  孙虎  原志华 《地理科学》2012,(6):764-770

基于汾河流域19个气象台站1959~2005年的月均降水量、河津站的径流量和输沙量资料,借助小波分析方法研究了降水、径流与输沙序列的多时间尺度特征及它们的耦合关系。结果表明:降水、径流与输沙量具有2~4a、14~18 a左右2个不同尺度的周期变化,且三者的主周期基本一致,即3 a和16 a;3 a尺度上,3个要素曲线的正、负位相交替频繁,突变点较多,且曲线变化除个别时段发生紊乱外基本上保持同步性;16 a尺度上,突变点较少,3条曲线的正、负位相交替相应减少且出现不同步现象。降水、径流与输沙量曲线发生趋势变化及出现不同步现象的原因包括自然因素和人类活动,而后者是其主要影响因素。  相似文献   

滇东石漠化伴生“红裸土”表层有机质含量与酸碱度关系分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

胡灿灿  王嘉学  陈虎 《云南地理环境研究》2012,24(4):97-103

对滇东地区石漠化伴生"红裸土"典型发育地带的表层样品的有机质和酸碱度分析表明:"红裸土"表层有机质含量范围为0.60～38.5(g.kg-1),平均值为13.49(g.kg-1);酸碱度在4.20～5.72。不但"红裸土"表层有机质含量低,呈中强酸性,且"红裸土"表层土壤有机质含量与酸碱度成弱正相关。这一特征与同区域有植被覆盖下的表层土壤相反,与其他典型的喀斯特地区土壤表层有相似的变化规律。这些特征说明"红裸土"可能是形成石漠化过程的一个阶段。  相似文献   

Decreasing trend of sunshine hours and related driving forces in Southwestern China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Li Zongxing  Feng Qi  Zhang Wei  He Yuanqing  Wang Xufeng  Norm Catto  An Wenlin  Du Jiankuo  Chen Aifang  Liu Li  Hu Meng 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,109(1-2):305-321

Total hours of sunshine are one of the most important factors affecting climate and environment, and its long-term variation is of much concern in climate studies. Trends of temporal and spatial patterns in sunshine hours and related climatic factors over southwestern China are evaluated for the period 1961–2009 based on data from 111 standard meteorological stations. The results showed that southwestern China is experiencing a statistical decrease of sunshine hours, at the rate of 31.9 h/10a during 1961–2009. The decline was particularly strong in summer, whereas it is nonsignificant in winter. Spatially, statistically significant decreases of sunshine hours mainly occurred in lower altitude regions, especially in the Sichuan basin and Guizhou plateau. Sunshine hours have a high correlation with wind speed, relative humidity, precipitation, cloud cover, surface downwards solar radiation flux, and cloud water content, with wind speed showing the strongest relationship to sunshine hours, implicit in the close correlation (temporally and spatially) between the two variables. Changing water vapor and cloud cover influence sunshine hours in southwestern China. In addition, the increased surface downwards solar radiation flux also made some contribution to a rise of sunshine hours during 1991–2009. The larger decreasing trends of sunshine hours at urban stations than rural stations may reflect the effect of urbanization on sunshine hours. Variations are dominated by the comprehensive functions of multiple factors owing to the complex nature of effects on sunshine hours.  相似文献   

Connection of the stratospheric QBO with global atmospheric general circulation and tropical SST. Part II: interdecadal variations     

Zeng-Zhen Hu  Bohua Huang  James L. Kinter III  Zhaohua Wu  Arun Kumar 《Climate Dynamics》2012,38(1-2):25-43

The interdecadal variation of the association of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) with tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (SSTA) and with the general circulation in the troposphere and lower stratosphere is examined using the ERA40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses, as well as other observation-based analyses. It is found that the relationship between the QBO and tropical SSTA changed once around 1978–1980, and again in 1993–1995. During 1966–1974, negative correlation between the QBO and NINO3.4 indices reached its maximum when the NINO3.4 index lagged the QBO by less than 6?months. Correspondingly, the positive correlations were observed when the NINO3.4 index led the QBO by about 11–13?months or lagged by about 12–18?months. However, maximum negative correlations were shifted from the NINO3.4 index lagging the QBO by about 0–6?months during 1966–1974 to about 3–12?months during 1985–1992. During 1975–1979, both the negative and positive correlations were relatively small and the QBO and ENSO were practically unrelated to each other. The phase-based QBO life cycle composites also confirm that, on average, there are two phase (6–7?months) delay in the evolution of the QBO-associated anomalous Walker circulation, tropical SST, atmospheric stability, and troposphere and lower stratosphere temperature anomalies during 1980–1994 in comparison with those in 1957–1978. The interdecadal variation of the association between the QBO and the troposphere variability may be largely due to the characteristic change of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation. The irregularity of the QBO may play a secondary role in the interdecadal variation of the association.  相似文献   

人工影响天气后下游地面湿度响应分析探讨     

刘建忠  张蔷  金华  李宏宇  何晖 《气象》2012,38(3):314-321

2008年8月8日下午到夜间,针对北京地区西北部、西部和西南部强对流天气进行了人工影响天气作业。为了解大规模进行人工影响天气作业后下游地区地面湿度的变化情况,文章结合空中天气形势,利用北京城区和郊区215个自动站及非自动站资料进行降水分布研究,重点利用其有湿度记录的108个站资料,对大规模人工影响后的地面湿度变化结合同期降水资料进行分析,以期为今后大规模的人工影响天气提供实验依据。结果表明,2008年8月8日夜间北京地区引导气流为西南东北向,天气系统基本沿西南—东北向移动,18：00—00：00的6小时累计降水量,呈东北西南向带状分布,北京城区处在降水量比较少的＂豁口＂处,＂鸟巢＂无降水。人工影响天气部门在北京地区西南部进行大规人工模影响强对流天气作业。作业后,在大规模人工影响作业区下风方带状范围内,地面水汽压随时间具有明显的突变（地面水汽压突然减小,持续时间大致在25分钟左右）,且这种突变从由西南向东北减弱,突变开始的时间逐渐推后。在带状中心轴线附近这种突变比较明显,远离中心轴线这种突变减弱,开始突变的时间也推后;而在带状范围外,则没有这种现象。究其原因,主要由于大规模发射火箭弹进行作业,一是火箭弹尾喷的播撒作用,二是尾喷激起的强大扰动作用,有利于大的雨滴降落,或迅速长大后降落,形成下沉气流,下沉气流将高层的干冷空气带到低层引起地面水汽压减小;此下沉气流沿着引导气流向下游传播,在传播过程中逐渐衰减。进一步分析2008年8月8日20时500 hPa风,根据此高度风速大小估算大规模作业区距离分析地面水汽压发生较大变化测站的时间,发现测站地面水汽压的发生较大变化时间与由上游空气柱移来的时间比较一致。  相似文献